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088 SUSTAINABLE ENERGYParis has delivered a push for innovation and even without a legally binding deal the necessity for companies to be part of the innovation frontier is a powerful imperative. The reality in responding to this new frontier is that if you stand still, you may not be around in the foreseeable future. This may be the most influential outcome from Paris. It is a huge pressure but also a significant opportunity to ensure that the small steps now become giant leaps.2016 AND BEYOND2016 is not short of challenges. The year starts with sluggish economic growth including in China and Europe; by geopolitical complexity in all major regions; by accentuating environmental challenges in Africa, Asia and the Americas; by rapid technological shifts ranging from smart data to clean tech and storage, and by unfinished business when it comes to trade, climate and energy policy.After Paris, the world is entering a triple transition. Firstly, the transition of decarbonisation. Then there is what you might call the “market design transition”: increasing shares of zero-marginal-cost energy from intermittent renewables in combination with the decentralisation of systems; increasing use of smart data, and decreasing entry barriers for new suppliers. All of this will challenge the current market logic as a basis to deliver the investments that it takes to keep the lights on at all times. These new realities have impacts beyond electricity and also affect natural gas infrastructure, transport and other sectors. Thirdly, there is the resilience transition. The impact of extreme weather events, cybersecurity threats and the energy-water-food nexus on the energy sector are powerful drivers to adapt and innovate. This will result in different ways of thinking about infrastructure and critical system components. To navigate these transitions with limited resources defined by a sluggish growth context, investors and governments have to be very clear what their strengths and priorities are. Oil investments are challenged by low prices and new questions. The demand for oil is mostly driven by transport. With increasing developments in natural gas, biofuels and e-mobility, competition is increasing as companies need to think about long-term infrastructure implications. Fuelling stations may need to be flex-fuel designed so they can offer a variety of fuels.